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* Volume 7, Number 1,2.

> December 1998

*

* Subscriptions = $10.00 per year
* or free with swap. Send to:

*

* SINCLAIR MILWAUKEE USERS GROUP

* P.O. Box 101, Butler WI 53007

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* THIS MONTH:

% - The Limits Of Computer

: Intelligence-Dr. L. Dreger
” - Meeting Notes

«

4 - Rudy's SQ Notes

x

ji - Presidents Program

x - And Other Great Things

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If any articles are copied

j please credit SMUG BYTES

= and the author.

K amn i Sa a se a a en it i sn eh a pn Ss exis
* NEXT MEETING DATE: 12/05/90

: SEE YOU THERE

cat sei itt Se bin i es ss nc nn i: er i cl ca
* Send all contributions by the

* 3rd Wednesday of the month to:

*

i Bill Heberlein

* Editor

. SMUG BYTES

* 5052 N. 91st Street

E Milwaukee WI 53225-4129

*

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*

* 1990 OFFICERS

= & WORKING

x MEMBERS

*

*

All Area Codes Are 414
*President -— Bill Heberlein

x — 527 2191

*V. Pres. — Neal Schultz
x = 353 4522
*Secretary -— Bud Dankert
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*Treasurer — R. Cultice
* - 542 3591
*Education — R. Cultice
x - 542 3591

*

* — Librarians

*Tape/Disk -E. Pawlowski
kai 1 - 338 0260

* Book — D. Nickel

7 1 -—- 284 9691

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sar Ota — R. Cultice

*Meeting Alt. Sundays of the month*
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*Games = N. Schultz *

*Meeting 3rd Saturday of the month*
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*Hardware - G. Kraemer x
xMeet-no set date. Call for info. *
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*Meeting 3rd Wednesday of month «
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*Meeting 3rd Wednesday of month x
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December 1992

(NOTE NEITHER ANY AUTHOR OR SMUG BYTES TAKES ANY RESPONSIBILITY
FOR ANY HARDWARE MODIFICATIONS TO YOUR EQUIPMENT.

The Limits Of Computer

Intelligence I I

by Dr. Lloyd Dreger

Editors note: This is the talk Dr.

Dreger gave at the ‘90 Expo. Also
because of the length of the article
it will run in the next four issues of

SMUG Bytes. This is the 4th part.

feedback
keep iterative
indefinitely. Our
not only while
while under

Neural connections do form
loops that can
processing going

brains process data
sleeping but also
anesthesia or in a coma. As any
psychologist will tell you, we don't
have to be conscious of what we think.
Only when a stimulus becomes strong
enough so ıt can demand attention will
we become conscious of it. That is
probably why certain thoughts arise to
conscious attention when we relax a
bit as when resting or before falling
asleep or sleeping. But becauseé man is
a very well trained social animal
certain thoughts can be continuously
suppressed. Very painful memories seem

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December 1992

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well. Both these
under hypnosis
form of brain

to be suppressed as
may be brought out
which is really a
relaxation.

All this is leading up to one
conclusion. The brain is extremely
complex. Since nobody wants his brain
to be used aS a guinea pig for
experimentation, all discoveries about
human brain function has had to come
from people suffering from brain
damage to certain areas of the brain
and autopsies. The cerebral cortex has
been mapped down to quite small areas
of function containing millions of
neurons. No one yet has found out the
function of a particular neuron and
mapped its interconnections. No one
knows how many neurons are involved in
going froma particular input to the
final cognition of an idea. It is
obvious that the incoming signals get
processed for many different things

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Mh practical.

The whole idea of brain simulation to
achieve cognition seems several orders
of magnitude too complex to be
There 1S something called
“complexity theory which states that
orders of complexity increase as a
power series of the number of levels
of complexity and soon reach a state
even multiple processing cannot reduce

to a practical amount of time. Just
because time doesn't make it
practical. Brains do cause minds but
the process is very complex not only
in understanding it but also in
Simultating it. There has to be a
simpler way as this approach has a

very low probability of ever being
practical. Most of AI has resulted in
very expensive research papers and

nothing more.

Conclusion 2: Any other system capable
of causing minds would have to have
causal powers equivalent to brains.
Minds can think. We don't necessarily
have - to simulate neural brain
patterns, all we have too do is
Simulate how we think. This line of
attack has several advantages over
)brain simulation as it merely involves
~ anyone

looking at our learning
processes. At the same time we could
just possibly gain some insights into

achieving a better way of teaching.

We start with a new born baby whose
mind is almost devoid of most
everything except a system of

biological built in instincts. Many so

called instincts in ourselves and
animals are not really built in but
are learned and as such may require

some rudimentary form of
Walking, eye coordination, playing the
piano etc. are some of these. Take
playing the piano as an example. When
we first start we have to think about
which keys we have to hit and in what

cognition.

order and now long we have to hold
those keys down which takes a lot of
cerebral activity. With a lot of
practice we get to a point where we

don't know what keys we are playing
but it just comes out and we achieve a
smoother type of coordination then we
— could ever do thinking about every
step. Control of playing a particular

SMUG Bytes

‘meaningless

piano piece has moved frorn the
cerebrum to the cerebellum. If for
some reason we fell that we are
misplaying a note, we go back into an
active thinking mode and low and
behold our smooth playing has once
more degenerated into the jerky
learning stage all over again. Wee can

also gain some conscious control over
some automatic body functions such as
breathing and heartbeat.

AS we pointed out above, human brains
and many animal brains as well are not
fully grown at birth. In addition, our
bodies ‘don't have the muscle strength
to achieve two-legged walking until we
first exercise those muscles for a
year or so. We also need growing of
brain interconnections to achieve the
necessary coordination. This also
includes speech which demands exacting
control of the entire oral cavity and
breath control. A lot of effort in
those first few years goes into
learning how to control our body.

But we digress. Babies are born with 5
senses. In a newborn the senses still
need training (sight does require some
ability to focus andall sounds are
except familiarity to the
mother's voice & heartbeat. The fetus
has heard these for several months
while in the womb, the pleasure center
is more akin to being comfortable or
uncomfortable. Comfortable also is
associated with familiar --being born
is a traumatic experience the familiar
mother's heartbeat is suddenly gone
which is the reason newborn babies
should be held a lot so they again
hear that familiar prenatal heartbeat
to assure them that all is well. It is
this pleasure/pain center which gives
the mind the ability to experience.
The powerful technique of reward and

punishment as first demonstrated by
Povlov's dogs now becomes a most
powerful teaching technique. A baby

gets hungry. This hunger is reflected
in discomfort. The baby cries in
response to this discomfort and gets
fed. In a week or two when it has
learned to focus its eyes, it notices
that a specific face appears with the

3 December 1990

food and soon relates the face to
comfort and the feeding process. Much
latter the face is related to pleasure
(Something more than just comfortable)

and a lot of other feelings and
sensations. Finally it relates the
sound "mama" to the face. Still later,

that the sound "mama" is one of a
group of things with the sound called
a word. This last is how simple
concepts combine to form complex and
abstract concepts. We leave it to the
student to work out the relations
involved in the following string of
concepts: mama, mommy, mom, mother, a
mother (requires consciousness of
self), parent, family, clan, nation,
race, mankind. All these different
relationships stored in diverse
portions of the brain are brought
together to form the concept of the
term "mama". Other senses also affect
the pleasure/pain center to a lesser
or greater degree in similar ways with
Similar cause/effect experiences.

Now, how do you reward or punish a
computer? The ability to relate, not
in the mathcmatical sense of equal as
we pointed out earlier, but in a
cause/effect relationship turns into
experiences. The grand total of all
experiences relating to a particular
item result ın the concept. The
keywords or attributes associated with
LISP and/or PROLOG suffer from one
fatal fault--they are not experiences
or something the computer can relate
to. They thus remain meaningless.

The student will see from the above
discussion how all the rest of man's
thinking and reasoning can result. We
should add one small point. The effect
of pretending, aping, or mimicking is
another way man can learn. Reading is
still another way of experiencing. All
are artificial forms of gaining
experiences. This is especially true
with learning speech. The babblings of
a baby have sounds in them that are
not in any language. By listening, the
child tries imitating the adults
around him. (It would be better not to
talk baby talk to them as they just
have to relearn. However, a 3 month

December 1990

usually write down a few words,

=

old baby would be a good source of
nonsense syllables since adults become
so well trained on words that K Á
forget the nonsense stuff which ha ©
meanıngs.) We usually do not think in
terms of words but usually ın terms of
words but usually in terms of pictures

where our visual area becomes a blank
piece of paper we are writing on or
where we are visualizing something
concrete. During these times our eyes

are seeing but it isn't being recorded
as the recording section of the brain
is busy with our idea. People
sometimes have difficulty verbalizing
their ideas as putting something we
see into words is not always easy.
Words and language are for
communicating to others which can be
another form of learning. The trouble
with words is that they mean different
things to different people and part of
effective communication is to check
from time to time to make sure our
audience is using the same definition.
Thoughts are fleeting in that they
only exist for a few minutes at most
(some say seconds or fractions of a
second). Writing has helped mankind |
retain these thoughts as a form f
memory. People who are thinking
or are
drawing a picture to help them recall
the train of thoughts later. The first
written languages were pictograms like
the well known Egyptian hieroglyphics.

Phonic sounds are added as needed and
in the case of Chinese and Japanese
the various symbol elements become
simplified. Despite this, these

languages become too cumbersome to use
so that eventually the phonic symbols

win out. Simplifying the phonics into
an alphabet where one or at most 2
letters represent. a sound keeps

everything down to a memorizable set.

Then usage steps in and modifies the
sounds so that an English, German and
French "a" are not sounded the same

and any resemblance to the original is
purely accidental.

Now, how the brain, with its pleasure/
pain center and its ability iO
associate, probably turns inputs its
experiences and finally concepts,

4 SMUG Bytes

/relativity.

becomes a bit clearer to understand in
principal. In the process we have had
to invoke feelings, awareness of self
and even a social consciousness with
ethical and moral implications. How
the brain does this with processing of
signals through complex neural
pathways still remains puzzling.

George in discussing scientific
problem solving techniques, states
that language is essential as most
problems are stated in words while
concepts are represented by words and
feelings. We have pointed out that it
is this area where the computer is
having all the trouble. Sometimes the
problem has to be redefined and/or
broken down into various sub-problems.
The second step is hypothesizing and

testing a theory or probable solution
which of necessity requires picking
the pertinent data, facts and concepts
from a sea of all facts, data and

Applying concepts sometimes
requires setting down mathematical
formula which change from one
application to another of the same
Principal or concept. The human mind
when working on a problem develops
many hypotheses or solutions and in
examination, rejects them or modifies
them and sometimes reexamines
previously discarded ones.

concepts.

Sometimes in
has to

analysing a problem one
develop new concepts asa “if
only we could". Visualize Archimedes
with the problem of the king's crown.
In an era when Chemistry was still
unknown, he had to discover a way to
measure the volume of an irregular
object without destroying it. While
getting into a tub of water to take a
bath and thus obviously not
consciously thinking of his problem,
he discovered a basic principal of
hydrostatics and immediately knew he
had the missing method. We all have
had periods of inspiration when
intuition said we were right although
we couldn't immediately prove it.
Einstein used "thought experiments" to
think through his theory of
These experiments are
still used to explain the implications
of his theory today. Relativity not

SMUG Bytes

hypothesis,

only had
explained

to explain everything
with Newton's theory of
gravitation but also some facts which
gravitation couldn't explain. It went
further than explaining the exceptions
but predicted certain other phenomena
which weren't yet observed because
nobody ever thought of looking for
them. Expediency does not allow us (or
the computer) looking for them.
Expediency does not allow us (or the
computer) to apply every concept we
know to try and solve every problem we
meet. We must carefully select only
those that might apply. When does one
apply the method of "reducto ad
adsurdum" --proving that everything
else leads to contradictions so thus
what we are trying to prove must be
correct by default.

This is the true area of problem
solving technique and thinking-—
analysis of a problem to find out what
the real problem | is, breaking -a
Problem down into simpler solvable
parts, selecting applicable principals
and concepts .to try, designing a
hypothesis which explains everything
that has to be explained, designing
test which will prove or disprove the
looking at the hypothesis
further to see if there are other
implications which may defeat or
enhance the hypotheses over and beyond
the immediate problem (as in the case
of Relativity).

If we are going to have our computer
and its algorithm do thinking we first
have to have it truly understand
words, concepts and principals (rules
of thumb). Thus, until a computer can
experience in a cause/effect way and
make associations between experiences
similar to that of man (or animal),
even this thinking simulation approach
to getting a computer to think also
fails. `

If a computer were ever designed to
include the presently missing
pleasure/pain center and the missing
soft-logical element of association
one would soon encounter problems
where one would have to cope with the
problems associated with the social

5 December 1990

consciousness and its implied ethical
and moral principals which now become
part of the computers freedom to act
as it sees fit. How you design a
computer with these elements is left
to the experts. The pleasure/pain

center has to be more than a set of
flags as the computer now uses.

Proposition 3 thus, at present,
remains true and computers won't be
able to think on their own. We agree
with Penrose, although ina different
approach, The Emperor's New Mind is
lacking something which prevents it
from becoming a mind but keeps it
merely a computer.

BIBLOGRAPHY
Searle, John R., "Is the Brain's Mind
a Computer Program?", Scientific

American, Vol. 226, Jan. 1990, p. 26ff
Churchland, Paul M. and Partica Smith,

"Could a Machine Think.", Scientific
American, Vol. 226, Jan. 1990, p. 32ff
Penrose, Roger, The Emperor's New

Mind, Oxford University Press, 1989.
Changeux, Jean-Pierre, Neuronal Man,
Oxford University Press, 1985.

George, F. M., Problem Solving,
Duckworth, 1980.

PRESIDENTS PROGRAM
Well the club just got the newsletters
from the Chicago group. It seems their
computer was down and were not able to
get it printed for a while. They said
they thought the next Sinclair
Computer Fest/Expo would be in the
great state of Indiana. Is this true?
We the Sinclair users would like to
know. Put me down for a ticket and
SMUG for a table. I also suspect there
will be at least 5 other tickets
purchased for our group. In fact we
will be there with bells on and would
be glad to supply a speaker or two.

I have received my latest issue of
Updates Magazine. It is well worth the
price. I hope you subscribe to the
magazine as not only is the
information worth the price, but they
need your subscription to survive. And
“WE" as a Sinclair Family need them to
keep us together.

December 1992

EMSoftt

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Now has in-stock the very best tray
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DBTutor _dbf $24.95
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CDIR/BOOTS SBas $9.95
On 5.25" DD or QD disks. On 3.5" or

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FREE CATALOGUE

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Boston MA 02114
(617 )889-0830

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SMUG Bytes

"together" line
"SNUG"? They were

In keeping with the
@sciv has happened to
going to combine newsletters and
produce information on the Sinclair
community for all members. Quite a few

First Neal was unable to attend as he
was sick with the flu. So his computer
was missed. Along with Dick's. Dick
didn't want to bring his with all the
rough roads from the snow storm. This

of us joined SNUG to help it help the meant no modem training or

“family”. I think we need to here from demonstration.

SNUG.

; Dick reported on the treasury, it is

Also notice the Vulcan publication, in good shape, and how the special

Computer monthly has no Sinclair projects are helping increase our

section. Note it!!! finances.

Up comming events: Sat Jan. r2:

Waukesha County Expo.$3 at the door. Bill passed out a few letters for
answering. We have been getting more
letters since we send FOG a copy of

G I GO our newsletter each month. Bill also

OR IN OTHERWORDS reported on the nice book from Bob
THE MEET I NG Shade, Philidelpia owner of our
digitizer board. I will show or report

Well the meeting was sparsely attended on this information as it is a

but it was a great meeting. Read on beautiful job.

and see why.

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Also included, at no extra-cost choice of a : ough
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SMUG Bytes 7 December 1990

The final item for the night was a
surprise visit from an prior member.
None other than John Wells. John is
running a local FIDO board and has a
Sinclair node. He came to us to report
on the board. I was not aware of the

board and I want to try it. Please
note it is a local call, if you live
in the Milwaukee exchange, and they

carry both messages and down loads. He
reports that the boss sysop is going
to drop the Sinclair node if more
messages are not forthcoming. Give it
a call. John also has a Genealogy
node. If you are into that you can
leave a message and can use searches
in other parts of the country.

John's number for the Sinclair node is
(414) 761-2582 and go to the "The City
Of Flag's" BBS. The genealogy board is
the same number but go to the
“Genealogy's Done" board.

One final item is remember the January
meeting is the start of the year and
will require your dues payment for
1991. We do have the room for next
year and need your help and support.

AXIOM C. ITOH

PANASONIC STAR

8634 W. National Avenue

VMVVVV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV VV

December 1990

GK ENTERPRISES

Your Computer Supply Source
No need to wait for a sale.
Our prices are low everyday

Wide selection of printer ribbons

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Also along with the dues you will be

able to vote for the 1991 SMUG
officers and directors. Also thé )
Will be a birthday treat on SMUG r
SMUG.

Updated Program for QUILL.

Just got a newsletter from SECTOR
SOFTWARE announcing an upgraded
version of their program SPELLBOUND
for QUILL. I use their spell checker

all the time when using QUILL and find

it great. According to them the cost
is 50 pounds for the program or 30
pounds plus the original copy of
SPELLBOUND. Also ~ They have just
released an Amiga to Z88 link. And
plan to release a QL to Amiga and
Atari ST to Z88 link. They also have
some other interesting software. You
can write to them at this address:
SECTOR SOFTWARE, 39 Wray Crescent, _
Ulnes Walton, Leyland, Lancashire, PR5
3NH. Phone 0772 452414.
<. WY
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AND MANY MORE. <
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WwW

SMUG Bytes

. A

Lead letter from Robert Shade on the

Digitizer
S.M.U.G., P.O. Box 101, Butler WI, use with the "WORDMASTER"
d 53007. 11/19/90 program.
| 7 8. manufactures data for the video
I have enclosed the following items camera I am using.
for your comments and advice. 9. "WORDMASTER" program screen color

1. listing of menu program - loader substitution patterns palette.
for the video digitizing programs 10. “WORDMASTER" program printouts of
I am using. the original B&W and retouched

2. revisions for "EYE BY NIGHT" and hand colored digitized video
program — revised for use with images, one image per page.
the LARKEN disk system. 11. "“WORDMASTER" program printout of

3. revisions for "VIDEOTEX" program the retouched and hand colored
revised for use with the LARKEN digitzed video images, printed in
disk system. B&W only, six images per page.

4. revisions for "VIDEO 3-D" 12. photocopies of the original
program - revised for use with subjects used for making the
the LARKEN disk system. digitized video images.

5. PRINT and MINIPRINT printouts 13. "“WORDMASTER" program printouts of
from the "VIDEOTEX" program of a 160 X 160 dot block, demoing the
womans face. aspect retio changes produced by

6. PRINT and MINIPRINT printouts selecting each of the printout
from the "VIDEO 3-D" program of a size options.
womans face. 14. 160 x 160 block rescaled with the

Te summary of my initial video "ART STUDIO" program and printed
digitising efforts, retouching with the correct aspect ratio
the digitized images with the with the "WORDMASTER" program.

“ART STUDIO" program, and their The rest of the letter refers to
i LARKEN disk and ram urage.

—
>

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e Apple compatibles ə IEM compatibles

@ and other popular brands
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10953 West Mitchell Street and 7 block west of HWY 100

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The Sinclair Mi lwaukeess! sers Group’ |
(SMUG) ~

We are a not-for-profit group devoted Newsletter subscription is avain

to serving the interests of those who for only $10 per year to non members

own, use, and/or are interested in the or free with a club membership. A club

Timex/Sinclair family of computers. membership is $20 per year for a

family membership.

Editor and contact person is:

Bill Heberlein (414) 527 2191. Advertising cost for 1/2 page ad
; runing for six months is $10. The ad

SMUG maintains a gratis exchange of copy may be changed each month but you

newsletters with approximately 30 must supply the copy.

Users Groups across the U.S. and i x

Canada. Clubs not sending newsletters

for more than 6 months are removed

from our mailing list.

SMUG BYTES

5052 N. 91st Street
Milwaukee WI 53225-4129
Address Correction Requested

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Super wOpa Le Golo 7d

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The next meeting of SMUG will be held on: Dig

Wednesday, January 2,1990

6:@@ Set Up 6:80 MODEM training using the QL
7:30 Business Meeting 8730 Elections - Who's The New Officer
9:00 MODEM continued 10:30 Clean Up
Wednesday, F ye £199
6:00 Set Up ebruary b 6:30 MODEM training using the QL
7:30 Business Meeting ` 8:30 Should Have Your SMUG Cup
9:@¢ MODEM continued 10:30 Clean Up :
Location: Ww

Equitable Savings and Loan,
145th and Capital Drive,
Milwaukee WI
Decemher 1992 10 SMUG Bytes